中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

黄麟  翟俊  祝萍  郑瑜晗 《地理学报》2020,75(11):2396-2407

中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm²,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm²,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。  相似文献   

Parallelization of the flow-path network model using a particle-set strategy     

Fangli Zhang 《International journal of geographical information science》2019,33(10):1984-2010

High-performance simulation of flow dynamics remains a major challenge in the use of physical-based, fully distributed hydrologic models. Parallel computing has been widely used to overcome efficiency limitation by partitioning a basin into sub-basins and executing calculations among multiple processors. However, existing partition-based parallelization strategies are still hampered by the dependency between inter-connected sub-basins. This study proposed a particle-set strategy to parallelize the flow-path network (FPN) model for achieving higher performance in the simulation of flow dynamics. The FPN model replaced the hydrological calculations on sub-basins with the movements of water packages along the upstream and downstream flow paths. Unlike previous partition-based task decomposition approaches, the proposed particle-set strategy decomposes the computational workload by randomly allocating runoff particles to concurrent computing processors. Simulation experiments of the flow routing process were undertaken to validate the developed particle-set FPN model. The outcomes of hourly outlet discharges were compared with field gauged records, and up to 128 computing processors were tested to explore its speedup capability in parallel computing. The experimental results showed that the proposed framework can achieve similar prediction accuracy and parallel efficiency to that of the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)-based Real-Time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS).  相似文献   

陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘文超  刘纪远  匡文慧 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(3):401-422

This paper looks at the Green for Grain Project in northern Shaanxi Province.Based on remote sensing monitoring data,this study analyzes the locations of arable land in northern Shaanxi in the years 2000,2010 and 2013 as well as spatio-temporal changes over that period,and then incorporates data on the distribution of terraced fields to improve the input parameters of a RUSLE model and simulate and generate raster data on soil erosion for northern Shaanxi at different stages with a accuracy verification.Finally,combined with the dataset of farmland change,compared and analyzed the characteristics of soil erosion change in the converted farmland to forest(grassland)and the unconverted farmland in northern Shaanxi,so as to determine the project’s impact on soil erosion over time across the region.The results show that between 2000 and 2010,the soil erosion modulus of repurposed farmland in northern Shaanxi decreased 22.7 t/ha,equivalent to 47.08%of the soil erosion modulus of repurposed farmland in 2000.In the same period,the soil erosion modulus of non-repurposed farmland fell 10.99 t/ha,equivalent to 28.6%of the soil erosion modulus of non-repurposed farmland in 2000.The soil erosion modulus for all types of land in northern Shaanxi decreased by an average of 14.51 t/ha between 2000 and 2010,equivalent to 41.87%of the soil erosion modulus for the entire region in 2000.This suggests that the Green for Grain Project effectively reduced the soil erosion modulus,thus helping to protect the soil.In particular,arable land that was turned into forest and grassland reduced erosion most noticeably and contributed most to soil conservation.Nevertheless,in the period 2010 to 2013,which was a period of consolidation of the Green for Grain Project,the soil erosion modulus and change in volume of soil erosion in northern Shaanxi were significantly lower than in the previous decade.  相似文献   

A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of experimental model catchment evolution     

G. R. Hancock  G. R. Willgoose 《水文研究》2003,17(12):2347-2363

Due to the geological time scales required for observation of catchment evolution, surrogates or analogues of field data are necessary to understand long‐term processes. To investigate long‐term catchment behaviour, two experimental model catchments that developed without rigid boundaries under controlled conditions are examined and a qualitative and quantitative analysis of their evolution is presented. Qualitatively, the experimental catchments have the visual appearance of field scale data. Observation demonstrates that changes in catchment shape and network form are conservative. Quantitative analysis suggests that the catchments reach an equilibrium form while a reduction in the channel network occurs. While the catchments are laboratory scale models, the results provide insights into field scale behaviour. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Low-cost volcano surveillance from space: case studies from Etna, Krafla, Cerro Negro, Fogo, Lascar and Erebus     

Andrew J. L. Harris  Anna L. Butterworth  Richard W. Carlton  Ian Downey  Peter Miller  Pedro Navarro  David A. Rothery 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1997,59(1):49-64

 Satellite data offer a means of supplementing ground-based monitoring during volcanic eruptions, especially at times or locations where ground-based monitoring is difficult. Being directly and freely available several times a day, data from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) offers great potential for near real-time monitoring of all volcanoes across large (3000×3000 km) areas. Herein we describe techniques to detect and locate activity; estimate lava area, thermal flux, effusion rates and cumulative volume; and distinguish types of activity. Application is demonstrated using data for active lavas at Krafla, Etna, Fogo, Cerro Negro and Erebus; a pyroclastic flow at Lascar; and open vent systems at Etna and Stromboli. Automated near real-time analysis of AVHRR data could be achieved at existing, or cheap to install, receiving stations, offering a supplement to conventional monitoring methods. Received: 21 January 1997 / Accepted: 3 April 1997  相似文献   

伪随机码调制的CW半导体激光雷达试制报告     

肖弟权  何建新  邱万智 《成都信息工程学院学报》1993,(4)

本文报告一种用半导体激光器作光源,用子脉冲宽度100ns,长度为511的周期伪随机码对半导体激光器的输出作幅度调制;APD作光电检测器,高速数字信号处理器TMS320C25作信号处理的激光雷达组成方案和试作样机的实验结果。  相似文献   

车镇凹陷上古生界高分辨率层序地层研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吕大炜  李增学  李文涛  柳汉丰  刘海燕  吴立荣 《地层学杂志》2008,32(2):182-187

以高分辨率层序地层学原理为指导,利用测井、岩芯和录井等资料,对车镇凹陷上古生界不同级次基准面旋回进行了高分辨率层序划分。将上古生界划分为2个超长期、7个长期、16个中期和45个短期基准面旋回,精细对比研究了短期、中期和长期基准面旋回。其中,短期基准面旋回可分为2大类3种亚类,并区别出A型、B型不对称短期基准面旋回和C型对称性短期基准面旋回,总结了它们的结构特征、形成条件、岩性岩相组成;通过研究不同沉积体系下中期、长期基准面旋回特点,得出中期、长期基准面旋回的特点和发育特征,区别出不同沉积环境下层序界面特点;分析了研究区内超长期基准面旋回特征,综合分析认为车镇凹陷超长期基准面旋回以下降半旋回为主。  相似文献   

A transdisciplinary analysis of water problems in the mountainous karst areas of Morocco     

C. de Jong  S. Cappy  M. Finckh  D. Funk 《Engineering Geology》2008,99(3-4):228

Water management and engineering in the karstic High Atlas of Morocco are difficult tasks under the prevailing geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, vegetational and climatic conditions. It is important to be able to understand and predict the characteristics and availability of water for future water planning in the region under changing climatic and agricultural conditions. An interdisciplinary analysis of problems and adequate hydrological modelling tools developed by geologists, hydrologists and biologists are necessary. The karst areas of the High Atlas Mountains are characterised by impermeable triassic basalt underlying substantial subsurface reservoirs with high potential discharge rates. The karst groundwater aquifers are extensive but largely unknown in dimension, probably with a hierarchical network of groundwater flow paths. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the surface water is directly lost to groundwater. Steep landslide- and debris flow prone slopes exist next to coarse-grained, highly porous river beds. Infrequent, high intensity rainfall or snowmelt causes a particularly high flood risk to these karst areas. In addition, agriculture and land use changes have degraded the karst areas. The most important driving forces for degradation include permanent overgrazing even during droughts and the use of firewood by a continually growing population. Large scale degradation of vegetation has occurred in the oro-mediterranean (mountainous Mediterranean) zone, between 2600 and 3400 m which coincides with the most important zone for karstic groundwater creation. The combination of high amounts of groundwater flow and rapid surface flow due to sparse vegetation has increased the problems of flood flow.  相似文献   

Room-temperature equation of state of Li<Subscript>2</Subscript>VOSiO<Subscript>4</Subscript> up to 8.5 GPa     

Serena C. Tarantino  Michele Zema  Tiziana Boffa Ballaran  Paolo Ghigna 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2008,35(2):71-76

High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements of lattice parameters of the compound Li₂VOSiO₄, which crystallises with a natisite-type structure, has been carried out to a pressure of 8.54(5) GPa at room temperature. Unit-cell volume data were fitted with a second-order Birch-Murnaghan EoS (BM-EoS), simultaneously refining V ₀ and K ₀ using the data weighted by the uncertainties in V. The bulk modulus is K ₀ = 99(1) GPa, with K′ fixed to 4. Refinements of third order equations-of-state yielded values of K′ that did not differ significantly from 4. The compressibility of the unit-cell is strongly anisotropic with the c axis (K ₀(c) = 49.7 ± 0.5 GPa) approximately four times more compressible than the a axis (K ₀(a) = 195 ± 3 GPa).  相似文献   

地幔岩中流体包裹体研究   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

卢焕章 《岩石学报》2008,24(9):1954-1960

地幔岩石中的流体包裹体代表地幔流体的样品。地幔流体包裹体可以存在从地幔来的金刚石,地幔捕虏体和岩浆碳酸岩中。研究这些岩石和矿物中的流体包裹体可以得出其所代表的地幔流体的温度、压力、成分和同位素。我们目前见到的这三类地幔岩石的包裹体主要可在橄榄石、辉石、金刚石、方解石和磷灰石中见到。这些包裹体可以粗略地分为CO2包襄体和硅酸盐熔融体包裹体。又可细分为四类包裹体：（1）富碳酸盐的硅酸盐熔融包裹体。这种包裹体在金刚石、地幔岩捕虏体和岩浆碳酸盐岩中见到,它又可分为结晶质熔融包裹体和玻璃包裹体。（2）CO2包裹体。这种包裹体大多见于地幔捕虏体中,在金刚石和岩浆碳酸岩中也可见到。（3）含硫化物的包裹体。这种包裹体见于地幔捕虏体中,与纯CO2包裹体和含CO2的熔融包裹体共存。（4）高密度的流体包裹体。这种包裹体见于金刚石中,是一种高盐度、高密度的含K、Cl和H2O的流体包裹体,又可分为高卤水包裹体和含卤水的富硅的碳酸盐岩浆包裹体。从对金刚石、地幔捕虏体和岩浆碳酸盐岩中流体包裹体的研究表明,地幔流体存在不均匀性和不混溶性。  相似文献